Vladimir V. Martishkin¹, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor of Standartization, Metrology and Sertification Department, e-mail: vmartishkin@mail.ru

Sergei A. Zaitsev¹, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of Standartization, Metrology and Sertification Department, e-mail: saz@mami.ru

Yuliia A. Sepeseva¹, Postgraduate Student of Standartization, Metrology and Sertification Department, e-mail: sepeseva15@mail.ru

¹Moscow Polytechnic University

The technique of determining the quality of technical products through the use of structural and functional models (CM and FM). Properties of Gaussian functions are used for ponderability coefficients calculations. Structural and functional models are used for calculations of the parts and assembly units reliability. The using Gaussian functions together with CM and FM gives ponderabilities of the parts and assembly units that closer to real values. Thanks to this quality index of a whole product becomes closer to real values. This is due to the calculation of reliability of parts and assembly units at designing. The proposed technique increases the objectivity of products quality assessments, because it takes into account their designed reliability and the most of structural and technological parameters.

Keywords: quality of technical products, ponderability coefficients, reliability, Gaussian law, differencial function, integral function.

References

1. Gauss Karl Friedrich. Selected Geodetic Works. М., 1957. P. 89–109.

2. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, 2nd ed., Geneva, International Organization for Standardization, 1995. – 101 р.

3. ОК 021-95. All-Russian Classifier for Details of Mechanical and Instrument Engineering.

4. Martishkin V.V. Quality control of mechanical articles at the engineering documentation drafting // Proceedings of Moscow State Technical University MAMI. 2013. No 2 (16). P. 348 ‒354.

5. Quality Control of Mechanical Goods / М.М. Kane et al. М. Mashinostroenie, 2010. – 415 p.

6. Reliability and Efficiency in Engineering. Guide of 10 volumes. V. 5. М., Mashinostroenie, 1988. – 320 p.

Aleksei S. Smirnov, student of Mechanics and Control Processes Department¹, trainee-researcher², e-mail: smirnov.alexey.1994@gmail.com

Boris A. Smolnikov¹, Ph.D. of Physic-Mathematic Sciences, Professor of Mechanics and Control Processes Department, e-mail: smolnikovba@yandex.ru

¹Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University

²Mechanical Engineering Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

In the paper, the resonance properties of the locomotion movement biodynamics of animals and humans have being discussed and the principles of the biomorphic controls synthesis of the muscular apparatus that correspond to them are formulated. It is proposed to use such resonance controls interpreted as collinear controls to excite resonance oscillations in linear and nonlinear mechanical systems with an arbitrary number of vibrational degrees of freedom. It’s possible to sway the system for each of its oscillation forms separately by means of collinear control until sufficiently large amplitudes. The numerical calculation of the excitation and development of the resonance mode is given on the example of the simplest oscillatory system – a double mathematical pendulum. The drift of oscillations forms and frequencies is determined on the basis of this data during the transition from the linear zone to the nonlinear one, which is clearly manifested in the locomotion processes of living organisms. The obtained results demonstrate visually the possibility of controlling the development of the autoresonance mode and its stabilization or suppression.

Keywords: biomorphic control, autoresonance mode, collinear control, nonlinear mechanical system, double mathematical pendulum.

References

1. Kraizmer L.P., Sochivko V.P. Bionics. М.: Energiia, 1968. – 112 p.

2. Parin V.V., Baevskiy R.М. Cybernetics in Medicine and Physiology. М.: Medgiz, 1963. – 119 p.

3. Marteka V. Bionics. М.: Mir, 1967. – 145 p.

4. Ignatova Е.I., Smolnikov B.А., Yurevich Е.I. Biomechanics in Robotics // Proceedings of the Conference “50 years of Cybernetics Development. St. Petersburg, 1999. P. 109‒110.

5. Smolnikov B.А. Biomorphic control of robots’ movements // Proceedings of VII Scientific-Technical Conference “Extreme Robotics”. St. Petersburg, 1996. P. 211‒215.

6. Beletskiy V.V. Bipedal Walk. М.: Nauka, 1984. – 288 p.

7. Smolnikov B.А. Problems of Mechanics in modern robotics // Robotics and Technical Cybernetics. 2016. No 1 (10). P. 3‒6.

8. Bionics: Biological aspects: red. by L.V. Reshodko. Kiev: Visha Shkola, 1978. – 304 p.

9. Smolnikov B.А., Yurevich Е.I. Issue of biomorphic control of robots’ movements // Robotics and Technical Cybernetics. 2015. No 1 (6). P. 17‒20.

10. Andronov А.А., Vitt А.А., Khaikin S.E. Vibration Theory. М.: Nauka, 1981. – 918 p.

11. Control of Mechatronic Vibration Units: ed. by I.I. Blekhman and A.L. Fradkov. St.Petersburg: Nauka, 2001. – 278 p.

12. Timoshenko S.P. Fluctuations in Engineering. М.: Nauka, 1967. – 442 p.

13. Control in Physic-Technical Systems: ed. by А.L. Fradkov. St.Petersburg: Nauka, 2004. – 272 p.

14. Fradkov А.L. Scheme of velocity gradient in adaptive control problems // Automation and Telemechanics, 1979. No 9. P. 90–101.

15. Fradkov А.L. Cybernetic Physics: principles and examples. St.Petersburg: Nauka, 2003. – 208 p.

16. Smolnikov B.А. Issues of Mechanics and Robots’ Optimization. М.: Nauka, 1991. – 232 p.

17. Merkin D.R., Smolnikov B.А. Applied Problems of Dynamics of Solid Bodies. St.Petersburg: St.Petersburg State University Publishing House, 2003. – 534 p.

18. Markeev А.P. Theoretical Mechanics. М., Izhevsk: Regularnaya i khaotichskaya dinamika, 2007. – 591 p.

19. Biderman V.L. Theory of Mechanical Oscillations. М.: Vysshaya Shkola, 1980. – 408 p.

20. Strength, Stability, Oscillations. V. 3: ed. by I.А. Birger, Ya.G. Panovko. М.: Mashinostroenie, 1968. – 567 p.

21. Vilke V.G. Theoretical Mechanics. St. Petersburg: Lan, 2003. – 304 p.

22. Butenin N.V., Lunts Ya.L., Merkin D.R. Course of Theoretical Mechanics. V. 2: Dynamics. М.: Nauka, 1979. – 544 p.

23. Golubeva О.V. Theoretical Mechanics. М: Vysshaya Shkola, 1968. – 487 p.

Dmitriy M. Zabelian¹, Deputy Chief Engineer – Production Manager, e-mail: Zabelyan@salut.ru

Igor A. Burlakov¹, Ph.D. (hab.) in Technical Sciences, Principle Specialist, e-mail: burlakov@salut.ru

Yuriy V. Kolotov², Ph.D. (hab.) in Technical Sciences, Professor of Plastic Deformation Systems Department, е-mail: urvasi@inbox

Georgiy A. Mangasarian³, Master’s Programme Student of Metal Processing and Additive Techniques Department, е-mail: George.M.A@yandex.ru

Yuriy A. Gladkov⁴, Ph.D. of Technical Sciences, Head of the Office, е-mail: gladyuri@qform3d.ru

¹Salut Gas-Turbine Engineering Research and Production Centre JS Co.

²Moscow State Technological University «Stankin»

³Moscow Polytechnic University

⁴Kvantinform, JS Co.

Research works of hydraulic forming processes for production of blanks for machine components of the «nozzle» type from round billets are considered. The structural design of the unit for this process as well as an example of process data calculation and results of computer simulation using QFormVX program are presented.

Keywords: hydroforming, round billet, nozzle, nickel alloys, computer simulation, QFormVX.

References

1. Beliayev А.А., Kolotov Yu.V. Development of techniques for hydroforming articles from round billets in the USSR and in Russia // Drop Forging Operations. Metal Mechanical Working. 2009. No 1. P. 20–31.

2. Matveev А.S., Antonov Е.А. Determination of workpiece loads for hydroforming round billets into steeply curved items // Drop Forging Operations. 1991. No 11. P. 8–11.

3. Semenov Е.I. Forging and Stamping. User Guide. V. 3. М.: Mashinostroenie, 1987. – 384 p.

4. Patent No 2222399, the Russian Federation. Unit for hydroforming the items from thin-walled round billets / appl. Kolotov Yu.V. et al.; published 2004, bul. No 3.

5. Kolotov Yu.V. Principle of work and prospects for using a unit for hydroforming an item from a thin-walled round billet with sealing its end-walls with self-seals // Development Prospects of National Forging Pressing Engineering and Drop Forging Operations in Import Substitution Conditions // Proceedings of XII Congress “Smith – 2015”, Riazan, 2015. P. 242–252.

Aleksander A. Kabanov¹, Deputy Director of the Branch, Head of Department, е-mail: AAKabanov@bochvar.ru

Vadim N. Soloviev¹, Senior Researcher

Kirill V. Ozhmegov ¹, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher, е-mail: kirillozhmegov@yandex.ru

Maria I. Sergacheva¹, Postgraduate Student, Technological Engineer, е-mail: mrs.deetz@gmail.com

Margarita G. Isaenkova², Ph.D. (hab.) in Technical Sciences, Professor, е-mail: isamarg@mail.ru

Yuri A. Perlovich², Ph.D. (hab.) in Technical Sciences, Professor, е-mail: yuperl@mail.ru

¹Highly Technological Non-organic Materials Research Institute named after А.А. Bochvar

²MEPhI National Research Nuclear University

The paper presents the results of studying the influence of the temperature and strain rate parameters of plastic treatment on texture formation at the manufacture of Zr-2.5%Nb tubes of zirconium alloy. Analysis of technolo­gical parameters was carried out in hot extrusion conditions. There was studied the result of heating and extrusion temperature of blanks and ratio degree deformation wall and diameter tube on texture formation. Program of experiments for research and physical modeling of technological processes was developed. As a result of the research dependences of strain on heating and test temperature were obtained and analyzed for at the given degree and strain rate. The dilatometric curves of heating and cooling specimen were analyzed. The dependence of hot extrusion parameters on textural tubes was determined.

Keywords: Zr-2,5% Nb alloy tubes, crystallographic texture, hot extrusion, parameters Kearns, physical modeling.

References

1. Ozhmegov K.V. Experimental modeling of multistage forging process of zirconium alloy E635 blanks // Collected abstracts of ONTK of young specialists of JSC "ChMZ". 2013. P. 31-32.

2. Improvement of hot forgine mode of zirconium alloy E110 ingot on the basic of physical modeling/ K.V. Ozhmegov, A.S. Zavodchikov, M.N. Sablin et al. // VANT. Material science and new materials. 2015. No 1(80). P. 22−30. 

3. Development technologies of forging ingots for enlarged blanks alloy E635 based on results of physical and computer modeling of deformation-thermal conditions / K.V. Ozhmegov, A.S. Zavodchikov, M.I. Sergacheva et al. // VANT. Material science and new materials. 2016. No 1 (84). P. 8−16.

4. Galkin A.M., Dyja H., Ozhmegov K.V. The non-uniformity of metal flow under dynamic loading conditions // International Conference "Progressive Technologies of Plastic Deformation" MISiS, 2009. P. 259-266.

5. Mochalov N.A., Galkin A.M., Mochalov S.N. Plastometric Studies of Metals. Moscow: Intermet Engineering, 2003. - 318 p.

6. Pshenichnikov A.P. The Instability of Plastic Flow in the HCP of the zirconium alloy: PhD dissertation. Tomsk, 2010. - 183 p.

Olga E. Grushko, Ph.D. (hab.) in Technical Sciences, the State Prize of the Russian Federation Laureate, е-mail: vogozor@mail.ru

Marina A. Gureeva¹, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, е-mail: mag1706@mail.ru

Gennadiy G Klochkov², Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Head of Aluminum Medium Strength Alloys Division, е-mail: gennadiy.g.klochkov@gmail.com

¹Russian New University

²All-Russian Aviation Materials Institute 

In the article there are presented corrosive and mechanical properties of AB alloy of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu system with regimented structure under static and dynamic loads, fatigue and sheet resistance at T1 condition. Property sheets are defined among other conditions, after effects of long heating at 100–150° with excerpts 10–1000 h.
Sheets of the investigated alloy was compared with sheets of AMg6M alloy, pretty widely exploited in the middle submergence. There are shown the properties and structure of joints of Al-Mg-Si-Cu AB alloy sheets with regimented structure made by welding a friction with mixing.

Keywords: AB type alloys, regimented structure, mechanical properties, corrosion properties, fatigue, heat, friction welding, welds with mixing.

References

1. Aluminum Alloys. Structure and Performances of Aluminum Alloy Semi-Products: ed. by V.А. Livanov. М: Metallurgia, 1974. – 89 p.

2. Grushko О.Е., Gureeva М.А. Thermal processing influence on the AB Aluminum Alloy structure and performances // Metal Science and Metal Thermal Processing. 2012. No 2. P. 23–28.

3. Grushko О.Е., Gureeva М.А. Calcium dopants as a factor for regulation of structure and performances of Al–Mg–Si alloys // High Technologies in Mechanical Engineering. 2013. No 7. P. 22‒25.

4. Influence of thermal processing and deformation on grain size and mechanical properties of duralumin alloys / I.N. Fridliander, V.V. Berstenev, Е.А. Tkachenko et al. // Metal Science and and Metal Thermal Processing. 2003. No 7. P. 3–6.

5. National Standard 6996-66 Welded Joints. Methods for Mechanical Properties Determination. М.: Standartinform, 2006. – 44 p.

Viktor Ovchinnikov¹, Doctor of Technical Sciences (habil.), Academician of International Academy of Informatization, Professor of Material Science Department, e-mail: vikov1956@mail.ru;

¹Moscow Polytechnic University

This article presents the main directions of improvement of welded deformable aluminum alloys by scandium alloying. Results of the cycle of works, that revealed the main regularities of scandium additives influence on the structure and properties of aluminum alloys of a Al-Mg-Sc system. These patterns served as a basis for selecting new formulations industrial alloys and a thermal-time property optimization for the entire production chain (from the smelting and casting to thermal processing of prepared semifinished products). The influence of scandium on aluminum alloys weldability with a fusion welding has been described, as well as with a friction welding with mixing.

Keywords: aluminum alloys, Al-Mg-Sc alloys, strength, ductility, weldability.

References

1. Filatov Yu.А. Industrial Alloys on the base of Al–Mg–Sc system// Technology of Light Alloys. 1996. No 3. P. 30–35.

2. Some structural features of Al-Li alloys Sc doped / I.N. Fridliander, N.I. Kolobnev, L.B. Khokhlatova et al. // Proceedings of International Conference titled “Scandium and prospects of its usage”, October 18–19, 1994. М.: Giremet. 1994. No 3. P. 3.

3. Sc Influence on the structure of Al-Mg alloys ingots / V.I. Elagin, V.V. Zakharov, Т.Т. Rostova, Yu.А. Filatov // Technology of Light Alloys. 1991. No 12. P. 12–28.

4. Al-Sc Alloys / Yu.G. Bushuev, V.E. Silis, Е.V. Shulgina, R.I. Dobrozhynskaia // Proceedings of International Conference titled “Scandium and prospects of its usage”, October 18–19, 1994. М.: Giremet. 1994. No 8. P. 5.

5. Filatov Yu.А. Al-Mg-Sc deformable alloys and prospects of their usage in car industry // Non-ferrous Metalls. 1997. No 2. P. 23–27.

6. Gureeva М.А., Grushko О.Е. Ca micro-doping influence on the Al–Mg–Si alloys structure and performances (monography). М.: RUSAINS, 2017. 257 p.

7. Andreev V.V., Golovko А.N., Bondarenko О.V. Experimental research of Al–Mg–Sc alloy rollability // Mechanical Industry Technology. 2010. No 42. P. 14–19.

8. 1570С Alloy as a material for sealing constructions of prospective shuttles of Energia Corporation / А.V. Bronz, V.I. Efremov, А.D. Plotnikov, А.G. Cherniavskiy // Spacecraft and Technologies. 2014. No 4 (7). P.62–67.

9. Filatov Yu.А., Plotnikov А.D. Structure and performances of deformable semi-products of 01570C Al alloys of Al–Mg–Sc system for Energia Corporation items // Technology of Light Alloys. 2011. No 2. P. 15–26.

10. Mechanism of Sc influence on strength rise and Al-Mg alloys thermal stability / М.Е. Drits, S.G. Pavlenko, L.S. Toropova et al. // Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Metals. 1981. V. 257. No 2. P. 353–356.

11. Al–Sc and Al–Mg–Sc alloys structure and performance / М.Е. Drits, L.S. Toropova, Yu.G. Bykov et al. // Non-ferrous Metals Metallurgy and Science. М.: Nauka, 1982. P. 213–223.

12. Zakharov V.V. Mutual Sc- and Zr- doping the Al alloys // Metal Science and Metal Thermal Processing. 2014. No 6. P. 3–8. DOI: 10.1007/s11041-014-9746-5.

13. Kolachev B.А., Livanov V.А. Metal Science and Metal Thermal Processing of Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys: university textbook; 3^rd edition., revised and add. М.: MISIS, 2001. – 416 p.

14. Koriagin Yu.D., Ilin S.I. Features of deformable Al-Mg alloys with Scandium recrystallization // Proceedings of South Ural State University. Metallurgy. 2017. V. 17. No 1. P. 65–72.

15. Malofeev S.S., Kulitskiy V.А. Structure and mechanical properties of 1570C alloy welds obtained by friction stir welding // Metals. 2012. No 5. P. 94–99.

16. Riazantsev V.I., Filatov Yu.А. Technological issues of Al alloys with Sc arc welding // Aircraft Industry. 2003. No 1. P. 13–17.

17. Riazantsev V.I., Filatov Yu.А., Ignatiev Yu.Е. Selection of filler wire for arc welding Al–Mg and Al–Cu alloys// Aircraft Industry. 2003. No 2. P. 43–45.

18. Friction stir welding the deformable and casting Al alloys / V.V. Ovchinnikov, А.А. Antonov, V.V. Alekseev, L.P. Andreeva // Blank Production in Mechanical Industry. 2004. No 10. P. 13–20.

19. Ovchinnikov V.V., Drits А.М. Friction stir welding the Al alloys // Non-ferrous Metals. 2005. No 2. P. 66–70.

20. Technical characteristics of friction welding with mixing homogeneous and inhomogeneous thin-sheet joints / P. Vilaca et al. // ZVARANIE–SVAROVANI. 2009. № 11–12. Р. 275–281.

21. Friction welding with mixing lapped plates 2124 aluminum alloy / W.V. Haver et al. // ZVARANIE–SVAROVANI. 2010. № 1–2. Р. 3–14.

22. Gabor R., Roos A., J.dos Santos et at. Friction welding with mixing AA 5083 alloy-n111 // BID ISIM (An XIX. 2010. № 1. P. 49–55.

23. Manescu A, Calbucci V., Flori F. Et ai. Non-destructive testing of samples obtained by welding a friction with agitation for the aviation industry // BID ISIM 2010. № 3. P. 45–49.

24. Bakhmatov P.V., Muraviev V.I., Melkostupov K.А. Studying the friction stir welding parameters for high-strength B95T2 Al alloy // Welding. 2010. No 6. P. 17–19.

25. Hisashi Hori, Tomohiro Komoto. Friction welding with mixing sheet aluminium // Welding Technology. 2010. Vol. 58. No 6. Р. 48–53.

26. Shiniji Koga. Challenges and opportunities of friction welding with mixing // Welding Technology. 2010. Vol. 58. No 6. Р. 70–74.

27. Tsutomu Ito, Yoshinobu Motohashi, Goroh Iroh. Flexural strength at 18–20° С connections 7075 aluminum alloy friction welding performed with mixing // Journal of the Japan Institute of Light Metals. Vol. 49. No 12. 2011. Р. 13–19.

28. Mroczka K., Pietras A., Kurtyka P. Microstructure and properties of aluminum alloy 6082, obtained by welding a friction with mixing using different welding parameters // ZVARANIE–SVAROVANI. 2012. Roc. 61. No 1–2. Р. 7–12.

29. Predko P.Yu., Frolov V.А., Nikitina Е.V. Prospects for Al–Mg–Sc alloys friction stir welding in aircraft industry // Aircraft industry. 2012. No 3. P. 47–50.

30. Malafeev S.S., Kulitskiy V.А. Friction stir welding of Al–Mg–Sc alloy plates of different thickness// Technology of Light Alloys. 2012. No 4. P. 72–76.

31. Kuryntsev S.V., Trifonov V.P. Mechanical properties of welded АМг5 alloy joints obtained with two-side friction stir welding // Welding. 2014. No 4. P. 25–28.

32. Patent of RF No 2443793. Russian Federation, МПК C22C 21/10 (2006.01) C22F 1/04 (2006.01). High-strength Al alloy and a production method of an item from this material / Е.N. Kablov, Е.А. 

Andrei V. Passar ¹, Ph.D. in Technical Sciences, Senior Researcher of Numerical Methods of Mathematic Physics Laboratory, е-mail: passar_av@mail.ru

¹Computational Centre of Far-East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (Khabarovsk)

The paper concentrates on the issues of choice of Francis turbine impeller width. The back current zone has being determined on the base of calculating the rotationally symmetric eddy flow of a non-viscous compressible liquid in a Francis turbine blading section, results of calculating the stream surfaces are presented. The separated flow area boundary has being determined at conditions of relative velocity’s meridional projection equal to zero (ws = 0). Influence of the impeller width on gas stream structure and on efficiency of the Francis turbine blading section has being shown. The rotationally symmetric flow analysis in an impeller helps to find a distribution of impellers’ losses and vertical residual velocity losses in the impeller exit area. These distributions showed that impeller losses increase with higher impeller width and they decrease with lower residual velocity. Increasing the impeller width from 32 mm to 42 mm leads to nozzle-bucket efficiency rising for 2 % and the increasing the factor from 32 mm to 52 mm leads to the efficiency rising for 1%. The observed distributions of a total and static pressure at the impeller exit of a standard turbine are presented. Comparison of rotationally symmetric stream analysis results made by Ya. Sirotkin’s method and experiment results proves that the separated flow emerges in the turbine nr 1 at the mode nr 2.

Keywords: impeller width, Francis turbine, head coefficient, blading section, turbine performance, degree of reaction, streamline.

References

1. Passar А.V., Lashko V.А. Analitical review of design methods of turbine on the mean radius // Guide. Engineering Journal with an Annex. 2013. No S 9. P. 2–12.

2. Mitrokhin V.Т. Selection of parameters and design of centripetal turbine at stationary and transition modes. М.: Mashinostroenie, 1974. – 228 p.

3. Shabarov А.B., Tarasov V.V. Issue of profiling of a centripetal turbine rotor // Proceedings of High Schools. Mechanical Engineering. 1982. No 1. P. 101–105.

4. Shabarov А.B., Tarasov V.V. Optimal design of a blading section of a Francis turbine // Proceedings of High Schools. Mechanical Engineering. 1988. No 11. P. 67–71.

5. Rozenberg G.Sh. Centripetal Turbine of Marine Plants. L.: Sudostroenie, 1973. – 216 p.

6. Sherstiuk А.N. Low-power Centripetal Turbines. М.: Mashinostroenie, 1976. – 208 p.

7. Federova N.N., Valger S.А., Danilov М.N. Basis of Ansys 17. M.: DMK Press, 2017. – 210 p.

8. Basov K.А. ANSYS. User Guide. М.: DMK Press, 2014. – 640 p.

9. Epifanov А.А. Numerical Modeling of a 3D flow in cascades and stage of low-expense LPI turbomachine: summary of Ph.D. in Technical Sciences. St. Petersburg, 2012. – 14 p.

10. Passar А.V. Influence of turbine wheel meridional profile on gas flow parameters in Francis turbine of a gas-turbine plant // Proceedings of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo-resources Engineering. 2017. V. 328 No 9. P. 33–48.

11. Sirotkin Ya.А. Design of axially symmetric vortex flow of nonviscous incompressible liquid in radial turbomachines // Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Technical Science Section, Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering. 1963. No 3. P. 16–28.

12. Passar А.V., Liashko V.А. Analitical review of 3D design methods of a turbine // Guide. Engineering Journal with an Annex. 2013. No S 9. P. 13–24.

13. Passar А.V. Research of radiality influence on flow structure in Francis turbine of ТКР-18 turbo-compressor // Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Education, 2016. V. 1. No 1 (46). P. 50–59.

14. Liashko V.А., Passar А.V. Sirotkin’s model as an instrument for analyzing geometric parameters of Francis turbine of combined engine // Proceedings of High Schools. Mechanical Engineering.. 2008. No 2. P. 43–62.

15. Deich М.Е. Technical Gas-Dynamics. М.: Energia, 1974. – 592 p.

16. Liashko V.А., Passar А.V. Calculation of kinetic energy losses in a turbine blading section as a problem for realization of complex approach // Proceedings of Pasific National University. 2011. No 1 (20). P. 79–90.